.png)
Text about pilot content -
Link to Executive summary of the results
In 2022, industry partners (i.e. EFPIA) has worked with EMA to identify optimisations to the regulatory procedures for qualification of novel methodologies as part of an EMA Focus Group. As an outcome of this EMA Focus Group, it was agreed to run a pilot for optimisation of the EU procedure qualification of novel methodologies (QoNM) using the DEEP ecosystem to test these optimisations.
Suggested content: Text about previous DiMe work and how this pilot was continuation etc. Potential references to DiME website.
Condition: Atopic dermatitis
Quantity/Quality of Sleep
Scratching has been demonstrated to be increased at night due to several factors, including a disinhibited unconscious scratch response, increased trans-epidermal water losses, reduced corticosteroid and anti-inflammatory levels, and higher circadian distal skin temperatures. Several of these factors are also noted and intertwined in leading to sleep disruptions.
References:
- Laughter, M. R., et al. "The global burden of atopic dermatitis: lessons from the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2017." British Journal of Dermatology 184.2 (2021): 304-309. - Howell, Michael D., Fiona I. Kuo, and Paul A. Smith. "Targeting the Janus kinase family in autoimmune skin diseases." Frontiers in immunology 10 (2019): 490313. - Yarbrough, Kevin B., Kristin J. Neuhaus, and Eric L. Simpson. "The effects of treatment on itch in atopic dermatitis." Dermatologic therapy 26.2 (2013): 110-119. - Murota, Hiroyuki, and Ichiro Katayama. "Exacerbating factors of itch in atopic dermatitis." Allergology International 66.1 (2017): 8-13. - Lyons, Jonathan J., Joshua D. Milner, and Kelly D. Stone. "Atopic dermatitis in children: clinical features, pathophysiology, and treatment." Immunology and Allergy Clinics 35.1 (2015): 161-183. - Cesnakova, Lucia, et al. "A patient‐centred conceptual model of nocturnal scratch and its impact in atopic dermatitis: A mixed‐methods study supporting the development of novel digital measurements." Skin Health and Disease 3.5 (2023): e262. - Ke Wang, Will, et al. "Defining the Digital Measurement of Scratching During Sleep or Nocturnal Scratching: Review of the Literature." Journal of Medical Internet Research 25 (2023): e43617. - Kong, Tae Seok, et al. "Correlation between severity of atopic dermatitis and sleep quality in children and adults." Annals of dermatology 28.3 (2016): 321. - Besedovsky, Luciana, Tanja Lange, and Monika Haack. "The sleep-immune crosstalk in health and disease." Physiological reviews (2019). - DiMe Nocturnal Scratch Patient Research Quantitative Data (https://datacc.dimesociety.org/digital-measures-nocturnal-scratch/) - Weidinger S, Novak N. Atopic dermatitis. Lancet. 2016 Mar 12;387(10023):1109-1122. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00149-X. Epub 2015 Sep 13. PMID: 26377142 - Kiebert, Gwendoline, et al. "Atopic dermatitis is associated with a decrement in health‐related quality of life." International journal of dermatology 41.3 (2002): 151-158. - Chang, Yung-Sen, and Bor-Luen Chiang. "Mechanism of sleep disturbance in children with atopic dermatitis and the role of the circadian rhythm and melatonin." International journal of molecular sciences 17.4 (2016): 462. - Krueger, James M., et al. "The role of cytokines in physiological sleep regulation." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 933.1 (2001): 211-221. - Opp, Mark R. "Cytokines and sleep." Sleep medicine reviews 9.5 (2005): 355-364. - Cevikbas, Ferda, and Ethan A. Lerner. "Physiology and pathophysiology of itch." Physiological reviews 100.3 (2020): 945-982.
Nocturnal Scratch
An action/behaviour, of rhythmic and repetitive skin contact movement performed during a delimited time of intended sleep; not restricted to any specific time of the day or night.
Measurement Variables
-
Total Scratch Time: amount of time scratching in TSO (e.g., 45 minutes).
-
Frequency of scratch: number of scratch bouts per unit time (e.g., 6 bouts/hr).
-
Total Scratch Bouts: sum of all scratch bouts in TSO (e.g., 37 bouts).
-
Scratch Percentage: per cent of TSO spent scratching (e.g., 6%).
References
- Laughter, M. R., et al. "The global burden of atopic dermatitis: lessons from the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2017." British Journal of Dermatology 184.2 (2021): 304-309. - Yarbrough, Kevin B., Kristin J. Neuhaus, and Eric L. Simpson. "The effects of treatment on itch in atopic dermatitis." Dermatologic therapy 26.2 (2013): 110-119. - Murota, Hiroyuki, and Ichiro Katayama. "Exacerbating factors of itch in atopic dermatitis." Allergology International 66.1 (2017): 8-13. - Lyons, Jonathan J., Joshua D. Milner, and Kelly D. Stone. "Atopic dermatitis in children: clinical features, pathophysiology, and treatment." Immunology and Allergy Clinics 35.1 (2015): 161-183. -Lavery, Michael Joseph, et al. "Pruritus: an overview. What drives people to scratch an itch?." The Ulster medical journal 85.3 (2016): 164. - Patel, Tejesh, Yozo Ishiuji, and Gil Yosipovitch. "Nocturnal itch: why do we itch at night?." Acta dermato-venereologica 87.4 (2007): 295-298. - Rinaldi, Giulia. "The itch-scratch cycle: a review of the mechanisms." Dermatology practical & conceptual 9.2 (2019): 90. - Cesnakova, Lucia, et al. "A patient‐centred conceptual model of nocturnal scratch and its impact in atopic dermatitis: A mixed‐methods study supporting the development of novel digital measurements." Skin Health and Disease 3.5 (2023): e262. - Ke Wang, Will, et al. "Defining the Digital Measurement of Scratching During Sleep or Nocturnal Scratching: Review of the Literature." Journal of Medical Internet Research 25 (2023): e43617. - Mahadevan, Nikhil, et al. "Development of digital measures for nighttime scratch and sleep using wrist-worn wearable devices." NPJ Digital Medicine 4.1 (2021): 42. - Oetjen, Landon K., et al. "Sensory neurons co-opt classical immune signaling pathways to mediate chronic itch." Cell 171.1 (2017): 217-228. - Bordon, Yvonne. "JAK in the itch." Nature Reviews Immunology 17.10 (2017): 591-591. - Usoskin, Dmitry, et al. "Unbiased classification of sensory neuron types by large-scale single-cell RNA sequencing." Nature neuroscience 18.1 (2015): 145-153. - Digital Measure Development: Nocturnal Scratch. A Report prepared for the Digital Medicine Society (DiMe), April 2022 - DiMe Nocturnal Scratch Patient Research Quantitative Data Set (https://datacc.dimesociety.org/digital-measures-nocturnal-scratch/) - Cornelissen, Christian, et al. "IL-31 regulates differentiation and filaggrin expression in human organotypic skin models." Journal of allergy and clinical immunology 129.2 (2012): 426-433. - Cevikbas, Ferda, and Ethan A. Lerner. "Physiology and pathophysiology of itch." Physiological reviews 100.3 (2020): 945-982. - Weidinger S, Novak N. Atopic dermatitis. Lancet. 2016 Mar 12;387(10023):1109-1122. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00149-X. Epub 2015 Sep 13. PMID: 26377142. - Kiebert, Gwendoline, et al. "Atopic dermatitis is associated with a decrement in health‐related quality of life." International journal of dermatology 41.3 (2002): 151-158. - Ebata, Toshiya, et al. "The characteristics of nocturnal scratching in adults with atopic dermatitis." British Journal of Dermatology 141.1 (1999): 82-86. - We Are Social & Meltwater (2023), “Digital 2023 Global Overview Report, “ Retrieved from https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2023-global-overview-report on 09 Jan 2023. - Cook, Karon F., et al. "Idio Scale Judgment: evaluation of a new method for estimating responder thresholds." Quality of Life Research 26 (2017): 2961-2971. - Kiritchenko, Svetlana, and Saif M. Mohammad. "Best-worst scaling more reliable than rating scales: A case study on sentiment intensity annotation." arXiv preprint arXiv:1712.01765 (2017). - Northcott, C.A., et al. MOSAIC: Monitoring of Scratch via Accelerometry in Children with Atopic Dermatitis. #463. Revolutionizing Atopic Dermatitis, 13 June 2021. British Journal of Dermatology. 185(3); 473-686, 2021. - Beck L.A., et al. Scratch and Sleep Quantification in Atopic Dermatitis (SQUAD) Study. ISAD, 2021. - Cheung, Kei Long, et al. "Using best–worst scaling to investigate preferences in health care." Pharmacoeconomics 34 (2016): 1195-1209. - Masoumian Hosseini, Mohsen, et al. "Smartwatches in healthcare medicine: assistance and monitoring; a scoping review." BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 23.1 (2023): 248. - McCleary K. More than Skin Deep "Voice of the Patient" Report. 2019. - International Agency for Research on Cancer. "Night shift work, IARC monographs on the identification of carcinogenic hazards to humans." Lyon, France: IARC (2019).
-
Accelerometry-based measurement of Nocturnal Scratch
A set of features and requirements that define the standard for the wrist-worn-accelerometry-based measurement of Nocturnal Scratch, classified into essential and desirable based on their importance.
Measurement Definition
Condition - Atopic dermatitis Meaningful Aspect of Health (MAH) - Quantity/Quality of Sleep (Atopic Dermatitis) COI - Nocturnal Scratch (Atopic Dermatitis)
Performance Requirements
Name
Wear location [Essential]
Sensor Type [Essential]
Two devices [Essential]
Sampling Frequency
Compatibility [Desirable]
Total Sleep Opportunity
Determination [Essential]
Scratch Classification
[Essential]
Sleep/Wake Classification
[Desirable]
Wear Classification [Desirable]
Arm Angle
Calculation [Desitable]
Reference Measure for Scratch
[Essential]
Reference Measure for
Sleep [Desirable]
Reference Measure for Total
Sleep Opportunity [Essential]
Description
Wrist
These solutions include an accelerometer but also may include a
gyroscope and/or temperature sensors to enable the determination of
Total Sleep Opportunity and/or classification of scratch and/or sleep.
One on each wrist, worn contemporaneously
These solutions typically down-sample sensor data to 20 Hz. Down-
sampling however is not required.
These solutions are able to determine the Total Sleep Opportunity.
Performance must be validated against a reference measure.
The algorithm must be able to classify scratch periods of accelerometer
data to provide measures of total scratch duration and scratch
frequency during the Total Sleep Opportunity. Performance must be
validated against a reference measure.
A reference measure for validation of sleep classification is required, e.g., Polysomnography.
A reference measure for sleep is not mandatory as long as a reference measure is available to validate the Total Sleep Opportunity. Reference measures used include Polysomnography.
Some of these solutions are able to classify sleep/wake periods.
Determine wear periods if the total sleep opportunity is algorithmically
derived.
Calculate arm angle if the total sleep opportunity is algorithmically
derived via the method described in Mahadevan et al.
A reference measure for validation of scratch classification is required.
Reference measures used include observer annotated Infrared video.
Component Type
Measurement Method
Measurement Method
Measurement Method
Algorithm
Algorithm
Algorithm
Algorithm
Algorithm
Algorithm
Technical Verification/
Analytical Validation
Technical Verification/
Analytical Validation
Technical Verification/
Analytical Validation
References
- Ji, Ju, et al. "Assessing nocturnal scratch with actigraphy in atopic dermatitis patients." NPJ Digital Medicine 6.1 (2023): 72. - Mahadevan, Nikhil, et al. "Development of digital measures for nighttime scratch and sleep using wrist-worn wearable devices." NPJ Digital Medicine 4.1 (2021): 42. - Moreau, Arnaud, et al. "Detection of nocturnal scratching movements in patients with atopic dermatitis using accelerometers and recurrent neural networks." IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics 22.4 (2017): 1011-1018.
Measurement of nocturnal scratch and sleep using accelerometry (GeneActiv) and heuristic and machine learning algorithms in a hierarchical paradigm
This solution uses a method that sequentially processes epochs of sample-level accelerometer data from a wrist-worn device to provide continuous digital measures of night-time scratching and sleep quantity. This approach uses heuristic and machine learning algorithms in a hierarchical paradigm by first determining when the patient intends to sleep, then detecting sleep–wake states along with scratching episodes, and lastly deriving objective measures of both sleep and scratch. Results are validated using polysomnography and video.
Name
FLIR A35; Flir Systems, Wilsonville, OR, USA
GeneActiv Original; Activinsights, Kimbolton, UK
Sleep module providing measures of sleep quality
Atopic dermatitis patients - Accelerometry, Polysomnography, Video
Scratch module for predictions of nigh-time scratch
Polysomnography as a reference measure for sleep assessment
Infrared video as a reference measure for scratch assessment
Evaluating the performance of aggregate night time scratch endpoints
Performance of aggregate night-time scratch endpoints
Component Type
Measurement Method
Measurement Method
Algorithm
Algorithm
Raw Data
Technical Verification/Analytical Validation
Technical Verification/Analytical Validation
Clinical Validation
Clinical Validation
References:
Mahadevan, Nikhil, et al. "Development of digital measures for nighttime scratch and sleep using wrist-worn wearable devices." NPJ Digital Medicine 4.1 (2021): 42.
Measurement of nocturnal scratch using accelerometry (GeneActiv) and recurrent neural networks
This solution presents an algorithm to detect nocturnal scratching events based on accelerometry data. The twofold process consists of segmenting the data into “no motion,” “single handed motion,” and “both handed motion” followed by discriminating motion segments into scratching and other motion using a bidirectional recurrent neural network classifier. Results are validated using data gathered by infrared video.
Name
GeneActiv Original; Activinsights, Kimbolton, UK
Recurrent Neural Network for scratch detection
Atopic dermatitis patients - Accelerometry, Polysomnography, Video
Infrared video as a reference measure for scratch assessment
Evaluating the performance of the algorithm to score scratching events
based on high-resolution actigraphy data
Performance of algorithm to score scratching events based on
high-resolution actigraphy data
Component Type
Measurement Method
Algorithm
Raw Data
Technical Verification/Analytical Validation
Clinical Validation
Clinical Validation
References:
Moreau, Arnaud, et al. "Detection of nocturnal scratching movements in patients with atopic dermatitis using accelerometers and recurrent neural networks." IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics 22.4 (2017): 1011-1018.
Measurement of nocturnal scratch using accelerometry and gyroscope (AX6) and a binary classifier trained to detect scratch events
This solution presents the use of actigraphy (an accelerometer and gyroscope), highly predictive topological features, and a model-ensembling approach to develop an assessment of nocturnal scratch events by measuring scratch duration and intensity. The results are tested in a clinical setting against the ground truth obtained from video recordings, bed sensors and patient reported outcomes.
Name
AX6: 6-Axis Logging Accelerometer
Emfit Bed Sensor
Binary classifier trained to detect scratch events
Atopic Dermatitis – Actigraphy, gyroscopic, video, patient-reported outcomes
Infrared video as a reference measure for scratch assessment
Patient Reported Outcome - Severity Scoring of Atopic Dermatitis Index
Patient Reported Outcome - Atopic Dermatitis Sleep Scale
Evaluating the assessment of nocturnal scratch with actigraphy
Performance of the assessment of nocturnal scratch with actigraphy
Component Type
Measurement Method
Measurement Method
Algorithm
Raw Data
Technical Verification/Analytical Validation
Technical Verification/Analytical Validation
Technical Verification/Analytical Validation
Clinical Validation
Clinical Validation
References:
Ji, Ju, et al. "Assessing nocturnal scratch with actigraphy in atopic dermatitis patients." NPJ Digital Medicine 6.1 (2023): 72.
Condition: Psoriasis
Quality/Quantity of SLeep
References
- Armstrong AW. Psoriasis. JAMA Dermatol. 2017;153(9):956.
- Helmick, Charles G., et al. "Prevalence of psoriasis among adults in the US: 2003–2006 and 2009–2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys." American journal of preventive medicine 47.1 (2014): 37-45.Nocturnal Scratch
References
- Furue, Kazuhisa, et al. "Pathogenic implication of epidermal scratch injury in psoriasis and atopic dermatitis." The Journal of Dermatology 47.9 (2020): 979-988.
- Szepietowski, Jacek C., Adam Reich, and Beata Wiśnicka. "Itching in patients suffering from psoriasis." Acta dermatovenerologica Croatica: ADC 10.4 (2002): 221-226.
- Komiya, Eriko, et al. "Molecular and cellular mechanisms of itch in psoriasis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21.21 (2020): 8406.
- Zhang, Xiaolin, et al. "Characteristics and pathogenesis of Koebner phenomenon." Experimental dermatology 32.4 (2023): 310-323.
Consortium Partners:
Nocturnal Scratch in Atopic Dermatitis: Advancements
DEEP, the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA), and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) collaborated and conducted a pilot in 2023 and early 2024 to test the DEEP concepts and platform as an example that could be used to inform the current optimization activities of the Qualification of Novel Methodologies Procedure. The pilot utilized an extended Innovation Task Force (ITF) Procedure with a real case study of Nocturnal Scratch in Atopic Dermatitis to test the concepts.
A multi-stakeholder applicant consortium including Pfizer, J&J, GSK, Eli Lilly and Company, UCB, Abbvie and Sanofi that had worked together under a Digital Medicines Society (DiMe) consortium built on previously conducted work (visit DiMe website for more information) to seek regulatory advice for:
-
Nocturnal Scratch as a measurable concept
-
Using a technology standard for measuring Nocturnal Scratch to validate new or updated Digital Measurement Solutions, and
-
Extendability of the evidence for Nocturnal Scratch in Atopic Dermatitis to Psoriasis.
The meeting notes from the ITF Briefing Meeting are available for download.
DEEP Catalog: Nocturnal Scratch in Atopic Dermatitis
In addition to the evidence collected through the DiMe collaboration, a Target Solution Profile (TSP) was developed during the project. The TSP outlines the essential and desired characteristics for a Nocturnal Scratch measurement solution, informed by key reference articles. The applicant consortium leveraged the DEEP Catalog to structure the evidence and provide direct access to references for the EMA experts.
Condition: Atopic Dermatitis
Quantity/Quality of Sleep
Scratching has been demonstrated to be increased at night due to several factors, including a disinhibited unconscious scratch response, increased trans-epidermal water losses, reduced corticosteroid and anti-inflammatory levels, and higher circadian distal skin temperatures. Several of these factors are also noted and intertwined in leading to sleep disruptions.
References:
- Laughter, M. R., et al. "The global burden of atopic dermatitis: lessons from the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2017." British Journal of Dermatology 184.2 (2021): 304-309. - Howell, Michael D., Fiona I. Kuo, and Paul A. Smith. "Targeting the Janus kinase family in autoimmune skin diseases." Frontiers in immunology 10 (2019): 490313. - Yarbrough, Kevin B., Kristin J. Neuhaus, and Eric L. Simpson. "The effects of treatment on itch in atopic dermatitis." Dermatologic therapy 26.2 (2013): 110-119. - Murota, Hiroyuki, and Ichiro Katayama. "Exacerbating factors of itch in atopic dermatitis." Allergology International 66.1 (2017): 8-13. - Lyons, Jonathan J., Joshua D. Milner, and Kelly D. Stone. "Atopic dermatitis in children: clinical features, pathophysiology, and treatment." Immunology and Allergy Clinics 35.1 (2015): 161-183. - Cesnakova, Lucia, et al. "A patient‐centred conceptual model of nocturnal scratch and its impact in atopic dermatitis: A mixed‐methods study supporting the development of novel digital measurements." Skin Health and Disease 3.5 (2023): e262. - Ke Wang, Will, et al. "Defining the Digital Measurement of Scratching During Sleep or Nocturnal Scratching: Review of the Literature." Journal of Medical Internet Research 25 (2023): e43617. - Kong, Tae Seok, et al. "Correlation between severity of atopic dermatitis and sleep quality in children and adults." Annals of dermatology 28.3 (2016): 321. - Besedovsky, Luciana, Tanja Lange, and Monika Haack. "The sleep-immune crosstalk in health and disease." Physiological reviews (2019). - DiMe Nocturnal Scratch Patient Research Quantitative Data (https://datacc.dimesociety.org/digital-measures-nocturnal-scratch/) - Weidinger S, Novak N. Atopic dermatitis. Lancet. 2016 Mar 12;387(10023):1109-1122. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00149-X. Epub 2015 Sep 13. PMID: 26377142 - Kiebert, Gwendoline, et al. "Atopic dermatitis is associated with a decrement in health‐related quality of life." International journal of dermatology 41.3 (2002): 151-158. - Chang, Yung-Sen, and Bor-Luen Chiang. "Mechanism of sleep disturbance in children with atopic dermatitis and the role of the circadian rhythm and melatonin." International journal of molecular sciences 17.4 (2016): 462. - Krueger, James M., et al. "The role of cytokines in physiological sleep regulation." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 933.1 (2001): 211-221. - Opp, Mark R. "Cytokines and sleep." Sleep medicine reviews 9.5 (2005): 355-364. - Cevikbas, Ferda, and Ethan A. Lerner. "Physiology and pathophysiology of itch." Physiological reviews 100.3 (2020): 945-982.
Nocturnal Scratch
An action/behaviour, of rhythmic and repetitive skin contact movement performed during a delimited time of intended sleep; not restricted to any specific time of the day or night.
Measurement Variables
-
Total Scratch Time: amount of time scratching in TSO (e.g., 45 minutes).
-
Frequency of scratch: number of scratch bouts per unit time (e.g., 6 bouts/hr).
-
Total Scratch Bouts: sum of all scratch bouts in TSO (e.g., 37 bouts).
-
Scratch Percentage: per cent of TSO spent scratching (e.g., 6%).
References
- Laughter, M. R., et al. "The global burden of atopic dermatitis: lessons from the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2017." British Journal of Dermatology 184.2 (2021): 304-309. - Yarbrough, Kevin B., Kristin J. Neuhaus, and Eric L. Simpson. "The effects of treatment on itch in atopic dermatitis." Dermatologic therapy 26.2 (2013): 110-119. - Murota, Hiroyuki, and Ichiro Katayama. "Exacerbating factors of itch in atopic dermatitis." Allergology International 66.1 (2017): 8-13. - Lyons, Jonathan J., Joshua D. Milner, and Kelly D. Stone. "Atopic dermatitis in children: clinical features, pathophysiology, and treatment." Immunology and Allergy Clinics 35.1 (2015): 161-183. -Lavery, Michael Joseph, et al. "Pruritus: an overview. What drives people to scratch an itch?." The Ulster medical journal 85.3 (2016): 164. - Patel, Tejesh, Yozo Ishiuji, and Gil Yosipovitch. "Nocturnal itch: why do we itch at night?." Acta dermato-venereologica 87.4 (2007): 295-298. - Rinaldi, Giulia. "The itch-scratch cycle: a review of the mechanisms." Dermatology practical & conceptual 9.2 (2019): 90. - Cesnakova, Lucia, et al. "A patient‐centred conceptual model of nocturnal scratch and its impact in atopic dermatitis: A mixed‐methods study supporting the development of novel digital measurements." Skin Health and Disease 3.5 (2023): e262. - Ke Wang, Will, et al. "Defining the Digital Measurement of Scratching During Sleep or Nocturnal Scratching: Review of the Literature." Journal of Medical Internet Research 25 (2023): e43617. - Mahadevan, Nikhil, et al. "Development of digital measures for nighttime scratch and sleep using wrist-worn wearable devices." NPJ Digital Medicine 4.1 (2021): 42. - Oetjen, Landon K., et al. "Sensory neurons co-opt classical immune signaling pathways to mediate chronic itch." Cell 171.1 (2017): 217-228. - Bordon, Yvonne. "JAK in the itch." Nature Reviews Immunology 17.10 (2017): 591-591. - Usoskin, Dmitry, et al. "Unbiased classification of sensory neuron types by large-scale single-cell RNA sequencing." Nature neuroscience 18.1 (2015): 145-153. - Digital Measure Development: Nocturnal Scratch. A Report prepared for the Digital Medicine Society (DiMe), April 2022 - DiMe Nocturnal Scratch Patient Research Quantitative Data Set (https://datacc.dimesociety.org/digital-measures-nocturnal-scratch/) - Cornelissen, Christian, et al. "IL-31 regulates differentiation and filaggrin expression in human organotypic skin models." Journal of allergy and clinical immunology 129.2 (2012): 426-433. - Cevikbas, Ferda, and Ethan A. Lerner. "Physiology and pathophysiology of itch." Physiological reviews 100.3 (2020): 945-982. - Weidinger S, Novak N. Atopic dermatitis. Lancet. 2016 Mar 12;387(10023):1109-1122. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00149-X. Epub 2015 Sep 13. PMID: 26377142. - Kiebert, Gwendoline, et al. "Atopic dermatitis is associated with a decrement in health‐related quality of life." International journal of dermatology 41.3 (2002): 151-158. - Ebata, Toshiya, et al. "The characteristics of nocturnal scratching in adults with atopic dermatitis." British Journal of Dermatology 141.1 (1999): 82-86. - We Are Social & Meltwater (2023), “Digital 2023 Global Overview Report, “ Retrieved from https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2023-global-overview-report on 09 Jan 2023. - Cook, Karon F., et al. "Idio Scale Judgment: evaluation of a new method for estimating responder thresholds." Quality of Life Research 26 (2017): 2961-2971. - Kiritchenko, Svetlana, and Saif M. Mohammad. "Best-worst scaling more reliable than rating scales: A case study on sentiment intensity annotation." arXiv preprint arXiv:1712.01765 (2017). - Northcott, C.A., et al. MOSAIC: Monitoring of Scratch via Accelerometry in Children with Atopic Dermatitis. #463. Revolutionizing Atopic Dermatitis, 13 June 2021. British Journal of Dermatology. 185(3); 473-686, 2021. - Beck L.A., et al. Scratch and Sleep Quantification in Atopic Dermatitis (SQUAD) Study. ISAD, 2021. - Cheung, Kei Long, et al. "Using best–worst scaling to investigate preferences in health care." Pharmacoeconomics 34 (2016): 1195-1209. - Masoumian Hosseini, Mohsen, et al. "Smartwatches in healthcare medicine: assistance and monitoring; a scoping review." BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 23.1 (2023): 248. - McCleary K. More than Skin Deep "Voice of the Patient" Report. 2019. - International Agency for Research on Cancer. "Night shift work, IARC monographs on the identification of carcinogenic hazards to humans." Lyon, France: IARC (2019).
-
Accelerometry-based measurement of Nocturnal Scratch
A set of features and requirements that define the standard for the wrist-worn-accelerometry-based measurement of Nocturnal Scratch, classified into essential and desirable based on their importance.
Measurement Definition
Condition - Atopic dermatitis
Meaningful Aspect of Health (MAH) - Quantity/Quality of Sleep (Atopic Dermatitis)
Concept of Interest (COI) - Nocturnal Scratch (Atopic Dermatitis)Performance Requirements
Name
Wear location [Essential]
Sensor Type [Essential]
Two devices [Essential]
Sampling Frequency
Compatibility [Desirable]
Total Sleep Opportunity
Determination [Essential]
Scratch Classification
[Essential]
Sleep/Wake Classification
[Desirable]
Wear Classification [Desirable]
Arm Angle
Calculation [Desitable]
Reference Measure for Scratch
[Essential]
Reference Measure for
Sleep [Desirable]
Reference Measure for Total
Sleep Opportunity [Essential]
Description
Wrist
These solutions include an accelerometer but also may include a
gyroscope and/or temperature sensors to enable the determination of
Total Sleep Opportunity and/or classification of scratch and/or sleep.
One on each wrist, worn contemporaneously
These solutions typically down-sample sensor data to 20 Hz. Down-
sampling however is not required.
These solutions are able to determine the Total Sleep Opportunity.
Performance must be validated against a reference measure.
The algorithm must be able to classify scratch periods of accelerometer
data to provide measures of total scratch duration and scratch
frequency during the Total Sleep Opportunity. Performance must be
validated against a reference measure.
A reference measure for validation of sleep classification is required, e.g., Polysomnography.
A reference measure for sleep is not mandatory as long as a reference measure is available to validate the Total Sleep Opportunity. Reference measures used include Polysomnography.
Some of these solutions are able to classify sleep/wake periods.
Determine wear periods if the total sleep opportunity is algorithmically
derived.
Calculate arm angle if the total sleep opportunity is algorithmically
derived via the method described in Mahadevan et al.
A reference measure for validation of scratch classification is required.
Reference measures used include observer annotated Infrared video.